2Margaret H. Bacon, The Quiet Rebels: The Story of the Quakers in America (New York: Basic Books, 1969), p. 17
3D. Elton Trueblook, The People Called Quakers (Richmond, Indiana: Friends United Press, 1966), p. 7
4All Bible quotations are from the King James interpretation--the interpretation that was used by the early Quakers.
5Howard H. Brinton, Friends for 300 Years (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, Pendle Hill Quakerback, 1965), p. 11.
6George Fox, "The Message of George Fox", in Jessamyn West, ed. The Quaker Reader, (New York: The Viking Press, 1962), p. 47.
7George Fox, The Works of George Fox 8 vols., (Philadelphia: Marcus T.C. Gould, 1831), I, p. 71. Quoted by thomas D. Hamm, The Transformation of American Quakerism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), p. 2. See also, George Fox, "The Message of George Fox" in Jessamyn West, The Quaker Reader, ibid., p. 53.
8Quakers became decidedly lax concerning the importance of the Bible. No exact statistics are available but there is some evidence to suggest that not all Quakers in the early 19th century even owned a Bible. There were only three complete Bibles available for the students at the Nine Partners Boarding School in New York in the 1830s. In Indiana, the Spiceland Quarterly Meeting reported in 1838 that of the 287 member families, 237 did not have a Bible. In the second half of the nineteenth century it was a common complaint that prior to the Civil War most Quaker families did not engage in Bible reading.
9Robert Barclay, Apology in The Quaker Reader, pp. 226-227.
10Ibid., p. 224.
11John Woolman, The Journal of John Woolman, in Phillips P. Moulton, ed., The Journal and Major Essays of John Woolman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 127
12Robert Barclay, Apology, pp. 121-123. Quoted in Sydney V. James, A People Among Peoples (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1963), p. 4
13Quoted in Howard H. Brinton, Friends for 300 Years (Wallingford, Pennsylvania: Pendle Hill Quakerback, 1965), p. 37.
14Outreach Committee of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, Quakerism: A religion meaningful for Today's world (Philadelphia: Outreach Committee, 1994), p. 3
15Robert Barclay, Apology, p. 528. Quoted by Howard H. Brinton, Friends for 300 Years (Wallingford, Pennsylvania: Pendle Hill Quakerback, 1965), p. 132.
16Jan Hiatt, "Quaker Dress Through the Ages" in Neil Snarr ed., Claiming Our Past: Quakers in Southwest Ohio and Eastern Tennessee (Sabina, Ohio: Gaskins Printing, 1992), p. 17.
17William J. Frost, The Quaker Family in Colonial America (New York: St. Martins, 1973), p. 194. Quoted in Jan Hiatt, ibid, p. 18. 18Elizabeth McClellan, History of American Costume (New York: Tudor Publishing Co., 1969), p. 116. Quoted in ibid. 19Quoted by Mary Maples Dunn, "Latest Light on Women of Light" in Elisabeth Potts Brown and Susan Mosher Stuard eds., Witnesses for Change (New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press), p. 82
20Quoted by Thomas D. Hamm, The Transformation of American Quakerism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), p. 5.
21Joseph Edgerton, Address, 5; "The Doctrine of the Cross",: Friend, 4th Mo. 14, 1838. Quoted in Thomas D. Hamm, The Transformation of American Quakerism: Orthodox Friends, 1800-1907 (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1988), p. 6.
22Harry Emerson Fosdick ed., Rufus Jones Speaks to Our Time (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1951), p. 271.
23Joseph Hoag, Journal, p. 201. Quoted in Howard H. Brinton, Friends for 300 Years, p. 163.
24Harry Emerson Fosdick ed., Rufus Jones Speaks to Our Time, p. 258
25John Woolman, The Journal of John Woolman, p. 64.
26Journal, in The Quaker Reader, p. 260.
27Quoted in Larry Dale Gragg, Migration in Early America: The Virginia Quaker Experience (Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1980), p. 49.
28[James Baldwin], In My Youth: From the Posthumous Papers of Robert Dudley (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1914), p. 146. Quoted by Hamm in The Transformation of American Quakerism, p. 14.
29Hugh Barbour and J. William Frost, The Quakers (New York: Greenwood Press), p. 155.
30George D. Hunt, History of Salem and the Immediate Vicinity (Evansville, Indiana: A Reproduction by Unigraphic, Inc, 1976) Originally published in 1898, p. 63. Elisha Schooley's daughter, Mary Schooley, married Zaccheus Test's eldest son Benjamin. Thus all descendants of Benjamin Test are descendants of Elisha Schooley as well.
31Ibid.
32Horace Mack, History of Columbiana County, (Philadelphia: Ensign & Co., 1879), p. 216.
33Margaret Strawn, the niece of John Strawn, married Isaac B. Test.
34Rufus Jones, "A Boy's Religion from Memory" in The Quaker Reader, p. 412.
35Rufus Jones, "A Boy's Religion from Memory" in The Quaker Reader, p. 412
36Thomas Hilder, Conjugal Counsell (London, 1653), p. 38. Quoted in Barry Levy, Quakers and the American Family (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 71.
37The Discipline of the Society of Friends, of Ohio Yearly Meeting (Mountpleasant, Ohio: Printed by Enoch Harris, 1839--Originally published in 1819), p. 43.
38Ibid.
39Ibid.
40Pearl Ada Walker, The Story of Salem Friends, p.11; Pearl Ada Walker, Salem's Past in Pen-Pictures (Salem, Ohio: Salem Historical Society, 1975), p. 8; George H. Gee, et. al., eds., A Souvenir History of ye Old Town of Salem, Ohio (Salem, Ohio: Ohio Genealogical Society, 1987), p. 17; Thomas R. and Mary B. Howett eds., The Salem Story, 1806-1956 (Salem Ohio: Salem Historical Society, 1956), p. 2.
41I have been unable to read the earliest records of the Middle Monthly Meeting. These records are held at Swarthmore University as well as the Salem, Ohio Public Library. The earliest microfilmed records of the meeting available at the Ohio Historical Society begin after the establishment of the Salem Monthly Meeting.
42While a member was under investigation and even after a member had been expelled or "disowned" he or she could continue to attend worship meetings. They were not allowed to attend business meetings. Business meetings were "select meetings" meaning that only Friends in good standing could attend.
43The Discipline of the Society of Friends of Ohio Yearly Meeting, pp. 87-89.
44Margaret Hope Bacon, Valiant Friend: The Life of Lucretia Mott (New York: Walker and Company, 1980), p. 25
45Quoted in William C. Braithwaite, The Second Period of Quakerism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961), p.270.
46Margaret Hope Bacon, Mothers of Feminism, (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1986), p. 11
47"From our Country Women's meeting in Lancasire to be Dispersed abroad, among the Women's meetings every where" in Elisabeth Potts Brown and Susan Mosher Stuard eds., Witnesses for Change: Quaker Women over Three Centuries (New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1989), p. 28.
48Ibid., p. 26.
49This is a bit of an overstatement. Theoretically Quaker women were equal to their male counterparts. In actuality, Quaker women were rarely able to exercise power that was equal to the power of the men.
50Elizabeth Cady Stanton et al., History of Woman Suffrage (New York: Fowler and Well, 1881), I: 419. Quoted by Mary Maples Dunn, "Latest Light on Women of Light" in Elisabeth Potts Brown and Susan Mosher Stuard eds., Witnesses for Change, Op. cit. p. 71.
51[James Baldwin], In My Youth: From the Posthumous Papers of Robert Dudley (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1914), p. 100. Quoted by Hamm in The Transformation of American Quakerism, p. 9.
52Quoted in Howard H. Brinton, Friends for 300 Years, p. 92.
53Quoted in Sydney V. James, A People Among Peoples (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1963), p. 14.
54The best account of the fracturing of 19th century Quakers into various factions is to be found in Thomas D. Hamm's The Transformation of American Quakerism: Orthodox Friends, 1800-1907 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press) which I have made extensive use of in the final section.